Progress of hydrogen subsonic commercial aircraft

Hydrogen may substitute traditional hydrocarbon fuels in propeller and jet aircraft. In the case of propulsion, use combustion engines is preferable to fuel cells plus electric motors. The conversion efficiency from chemical mechanical energy at larger with cells, but propulsion system also larger, addition heavier. Fuel have a better appeal for novel urban air mobility solutions. Hybridization gas turbine beneficial propulsion. hydrogen aircraft architecture strongly modified accept much tanks, having mass-specific-energy, smaller volume-specific-energy, than fuels, stored onboard liquid or cold-cryo/compressed. Conformal tanks reduce total volume vs. spherical/cylindrical same as composite structures improve strength weight tanks. With conventional designs, maximum-take-off slightly reduces, operating-weight-empty largely increases hydrogen, an 8%–15% consumption per pax nm compared fuels. cell suffers batteries stack. Non-conventional designs such Blended-Wing-Body hybridization help consumption. Renewable-hydrogen-only necessitate further development technology before full deployment by 2035, providing renewable will be cheap abundant time, airport infrastructure developed. introduction hypersonic renewable-hydrogen-only could possible, given progress technologies synergy subsonic commercial aviation.